Archive for November 2017

In Australia, 13% of the population is 65 years old or older (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010). During the past decades, the number and proportion of the population in this age group have increased rapidly in Australia. How can we reduce the impact of this on our health services?

November 13, 2017 Add Comment

In Australia, 13% of the population is 65 years old or older (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2010). During the past decades, the number and proportion of the population in this age group have increased rapidly in Australia. How can we reduce the impact of this on our health services?



a. Rationing health services to particular population groups on the basis of criteria such as age or a person's responsibility for their condition.
b. Allocating more resources to preventative health and screening.
c. Providing environments and policies that encourage people to adopt healthier lifestyles, no matter their age.
d. All of the above.
e. Only b and c.



Answer: E

Fill in the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words and phrases: 'One of the major concerns for public health workers in countries like Australia is that __________ has/have a strong association with cardiovascular risk factors, obesity and diabetes.'

November 13, 2017 Add Comment

Fill in the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words and phrases:
'One of the major concerns for public health workers in countries like Australia is that __________ has/have a strong association with cardiovascular risk factors, obesity and diabetes.'




a. A lack of income and motivation.
b. Inadequate nutrition and too much physical activity.
c. A high income.
d. A lack of physical activity and the overconsumption of food.



Answer: D

Regardless of the health issue under consideration, what is one of the salient themes of public health in the twenty-first century?

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Regardless of the health issue under consideration, what is one of the salient themes of public health in the twenty-first century? 



a. The notion of global effects and responses.
b. The need for each nation to make decisions about its own public health priorities.
c. More education and more resources.
d. More personal responsibility for health.




Answer: A

What are the three core components for a global plan for justice for the world's least healthy people as outlined by Gostin (2010)?

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What are the three core components for a global plan for justice for the world's least healthy people as outlined by Gostin (2010)? 



a. The need to reduce inequalities in health through attention to unfair distribution of power, money and resources.
b. The focus on medical care rather than prevention; the attention to biomedical research and the ongoing disparity in health between different population groups.
c. The provision of essential vaccines and medicines, basic survival needs and adaptation to climate change
d. The focus on biomedical research; the need to deal with increasing rates of overweight and obesity and environmental impact assessment.





Answer: C

The National Health and Medical Research Council's Road Map: A Strategic Framework for Improving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Through Research (2004) sets out criteria for health and medical research with and of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians that include which of the following?

November 13, 2017 Add Comment

The National Health and Medical Research Council's Road Map: A Strategic Framework for Improving Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Through Research (2004) sets out criteria for health and medical research with and of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians that include which of the following?



a. That research be based on identified need; be action-oriented; contain a skills- and knowledge-transfer strategy; and involve the institutional control of research.
b. That research be based on the needs identified by the relevant university; be action-oriented; contain a skills- and knowledge-transfer strategy; and involve the institutional control of research.
c. That research be based on identified need; be action-oriented; not involve the participants with the research designs and aims; and involve the community control of research.
d. That research be based on identified need; be action-oriented; contain a skills- and knowledge-transfer strategy; and involve the community control of research.




Answer: D

Why did the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission's Social Justice Report 2007 claim that the Northern Territory's 'Emergency Response' intervention was controversial?

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Why did the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission's Social Justice Report 2007 claim that the Northern Territory's 'Emergency Response' intervention was controversial?



a. It guaranteed strict monitoring and evaluation provisions to ensure that only those measures that are appropriate are maintained.
b. It repealed the proviso of the legislation that limited indigenous peoples'' rights to obtain remedy.
c. It produced or intensified discord and mistrust between the federal government, the Northern Territory government, the indigenous communities and numerous community organisations.
d. It reinstated the Community Development Employment Projects scheme in the Northern Territory, with community fiscal development plans progressed into the future to guarantee the conversion from Community Development Employment Projects into 'real jobs'.



Answer: C

What is the goal of the Close the Gap campaign?

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What is the goal of the Close the Gap campaign?



a. Closing the life-expectancy gap between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians.
b. Promoting equal rights for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
c. Improving educational opportunities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
d. Closing the gap between the educational achievements of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-indigenous Australians.



Answer: A

Which of the following is true about the life expectancy at birth for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as compared with non-indigenous Australians?

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Which of the following is true about the life expectancy at birth for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people as compared with non-indigenous Australians?



a. The life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men is about 20.5 years less than other Australian men; for women, it is about 9.7 years less than non-indigenous Australian women.
b. The life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men is about 11.5 years less than other Australian men; for women, it is about 9.7 years less than non-indigenous Australian women.
c. The life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men is about 11.5 years less than other Australian men; for women, it is about 19.7 years less than non-indigenous Australian women.
d. The life expectancy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men is about 11.5 years more than other Australian men; for women, it is about 9.7 years less than non-indigenous Australian women.




Answer: B

In general, at the time of colonisation, accounts from early British and European explorers show that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples had which of the following health conditions?

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In general, at the time of colonisation, accounts from early British and European explorers show that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples had which of the following health conditions? 



a. They suffered from a range of lifestyle-related diseases.
b. They had the same health status as they do now.
c. They were physically inactive and suffered from malnutrition.
d. They were fairly fit, healthy, and free of disease.



Answer: D

Refugee crises affect Australia and many other countries, and there are misunderstandings about refugee resettlement in Australia. What are three popular myths regarding refugees?

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Refugee crises affect Australia and many other countries, and there are misunderstandings about refugee resettlement in Australia. What are three popular myths regarding refugees? 



a. 'Most refugees would prefer to stay in their countries of origin'; 'resettlement leads to a "brain drain" '; and 'resettlement costs too much'.
b. 'Most refugees want to be resettled'; 'many resettled refugees contribute their knowledge and skills to improving the society'; and 'resettlement leads to a "brain drain" '.
c. 'Most refugees would prefer to stay in their countries of origin'; 'resettlement leads to a "brain drain" '; and 'resettlement costs too much'.
d. 'Most refugees want to be resettled'; 'resettlement leads to a "brain drain" '; and 'resettlement costs too much'.



Answer: D

How could global trade contribute to increasing an individual's risk for chronic diseases?

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How could global trade contribute to increasing an individual's risk for chronic diseases?



a. The marketing of unhealthy products and risk behaviours, such as tobacco smoking and the consumption of fast food.
b. Too many people catching planes, trains and buses instead of walking and cycling.
c. Medical tourism, which involves patients travelling to other countries for medical treatments (e.g., dentistry, surgery).
d. Rapid cross-border transmission as a result of fast transportation (e.g., air travel).



Answer: A

Fill in the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words and phrases: 'Globalisation is the movement across national boundaries of __________, which results in the world becoming politically, economically and culturally __________.'

November 13, 2017 Add Comment

Fill in the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words and phrases:
'Globalisation is the movement across national boundaries of __________, which results in the world becoming politically, economically and culturally __________.'



a. wildlife, especially birds; interconnected and interdependent.
b. people, ideas, money, goods, and services; unconnected and independent.
c. pandemic diseases; interconnected and interdependent.
d. people, ideas, money, goods and services; interconnected and interdependent.



Answer: D

There are a number of major global trends that have been identified as having an impact on health. Which of the following issues is one of these global trends?

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There are a number of major global trends that have been identified as having an impact on health. Which of the following issues is one of these global trends?



a. The decreasing costs of health and healthcare systems.
b. The limited importance of community and environment.
c. Increases in the incidence of chronic diseases.
d. The improving social circumstances of the poor.
e. Increasing the quality and amount of medical technology available.



Answer: C

Community development is the process of which of the following?

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Community development is the process of which of the following?



a. The top-down management of community development activities and approaches.
b. The fostering of a climate that encourages professional management.
c. The involvement of communities in their own decision-making from the ground up.
d. The fostering of a climate that engages health professionals in community care.
e. All of the above.



Answer: C

A published review of successful health promotion revealed which of the following successful health-promotion actions?

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A published review of successful health promotion revealed which of the following successful health-promotion actions?



a. Community participation and engagement in planning and decision-making, the creation of healthy settings, and human resource investments.
b. Intersectoral collaboration and inter-organisational partnerships at all levels, community participation and engagement, and marketing and human resource investments.
c. The creation of healthy settings, community participation and engagement in planning and decision-making, and intersectoral collaboration and inter-organisational partnerships at all levels.
d. None of the above.




Answer: C

What is one of the major criticisms of health education?

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What is one of the major criticisms of health education?



a. It relates to healthy public policy and the development of individual issues.
b. The overemphasis on group responsibility at the expense of the individual.
c. The overemphasis on individual responsibility and potential victim-blaming.
d. The implications for preventative medicine and the care of the individual.
e. Its vulnerability to political and community influences and environments.



Answer: C

The Health Promoting Schools Framework is an example of community development that makes use of which three integrated components?

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The Health Promoting Schools Framework is an example of community development that makes use of which three integrated components?



a. Fair disciplinary actions; school organisation, ethos and the environment; and partnerships and services.
b. Curriculum, teaching and learning; school organisation, ethos and the environment; and anti-bullying policies.
c. Curriculum, teaching and learning; school organisation, ethos and the environment; and partnerships and services.
d. Curriculum, teaching and learning; school lunch provision; and partnerships and services.



Answer: C

Which of the following are the five essential actions of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

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Which of the following are the five essential actions of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?



a. Build healthy public policy; change individual behaviour; strengthen community actions; develop personal skills; and reorient health services.
b. Build healthy public policy; create supportive environments; strengthen community actions; develop personal skills; and publicise health services.
c. Build healthy public policy; create supportive environments; strengthen community actions; develop personal skills; and reorient health services.
d. Build healthy public policy; create supportive environments; strengthen community actions; reward good personal skills; and reorient health services.



Answer: C

The key aspects of pandemic management include which of the following?

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The key aspects of pandemic management include which of the following?



a. Early isolation and containment, enhanced infection-control procedures, and the rapid development of immunisation.
b. Early isolation and containment, enhanced infection-control procedures, and the rapid development of quarantine procedures.
c. Early isolation and containment, enhanced risk-assessment procedures, and the rapid development of immunisation.
d. Early isolation of the population, enhanced infection-control procedures, and the unhurried development of immunisation.



Answer: A

The management of the response and relief phase may be considered to encompass the 'eight Cs' of response management. The third 'C' is for coordination, which refers to which of the following?

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The management of the response and relief phase may be considered to encompass the 'eight Cs' of response management. The third 'C' is for coordination, which refers to which of the following?



a. The direction of members of an organisation in the performance of roles and tasks: Its arrangements operate vertically within an organisation and ensure that the organisation's resources can be directed to the delivery of its roles and responsibilities.
b. The bringing together of organisations and elements to ensure an effective response: It is mainly concerned with the systematic acquisition and application of resources from various agencies and locations.
c. The strategies required to limit the scope and spread of an event: The concept has most relevance for pandemic preparedness, whereby strategies seek to limit the spread of an infectious disease through quarantine, isolation, and containment strategies.
d. The strategies needed to maintain functionality: When events are long-term, it is neither possible nor safe to maintain key personnel on duty. They need to be relieved from duty, particularly if their own families are under threat or if they have suffered personally as a result of the incident.



Answer: B

The comprehensive approach to disaster management seeks to ensure consistency throughout the life cycle of a disaster, which consists of which of the following?

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The comprehensive approach to disaster management seeks to ensure consistency throughout the life cycle of a disaster, which consists of which of the following?



a. Preparation, prevention, response, and recovery.
b. Response, recovery, prevention, and preparation.
c. Prevention, preparation, response, and recovery.
d. Prevention, preparation, recovery, and response.



Answer: C

According to the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, mixed hazards are those that are derived from the interaction of human development with the natural environment. Examples include which of the following?

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According to the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, mixed hazards are those that are derived from the interaction of human development with the natural environment. Examples include which of the following?



a. Desertification from land-clearing and erosion, and landslides from deforestation
b. Conflict, including armed and unarmed conflict.
c. Technological, including transport and industrial technology.
d. All of the above.



Answer: A

Fill in the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words and phrases: '__________ is one of the primary drivers of public health. I often refer to it as "Health 101," which means that once we can secure access __________ facilities for all people, irrespective of the difference in their living conditions, a huge battle against all kinds of diseases will be won' (World Health Organisation, 2004).

November 13, 2017 Add Comment

Fill in the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words and phrases: '__________ is one of the primary drivers of public health. I often refer to it as "Health 101," which means that once we can secure access __________ facilities for all people, irrespective of the difference in their living conditions, a huge battle against all kinds of diseases will be won' (World Health Organisation, 2004).



a. Water and sanitation; to clean water and to adequate sanitation.
b. Nutrition; to safe food-producing.
c. Exercise; to recreational.
d. Money; to banking.



Answer: A

Traditional environmental health hazards include which of the following?

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Traditional environmental health hazards include which of the following?



a. Lack of access to safe drinking water; food contamination with pathogens; and urban air pollution from motor vehicles, coal power stations and industry.
b. Water pollution from populated areas, industry and intensive agriculture; food contamination with pathogens; and inadequate solid waste disposal.
c. Lack of access to safe drinking water; chemical and radiation hazards after the introduction of industrial and agricultural technologies; and inadequate solid waste disposal.
d. Lack of access to safe drinking water; food contamination with pathogens; and inadequate solid waste disposal.




Answer: D

Insert the correct number range in the following statement: 'Despite Australia having one of the safest food supplies in the world, it is estimated that there are between __________ cases of gastroenteritis each year.'

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Insert the correct number range in the following statement: 'Despite Australia having one of the safest food supplies in the world, it is estimated that there are between __________ cases of gastroenteritis each year.'



a. 2 million and 4 million.
b. 4 million and 7 million.
c. 4 billion and 7 billion.
d. 2 billion and 4 billion.




Answer: B

What is the easiest way to describe the term environmental health?

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What is the easiest way to describe the term environmental health?



a. It is the protection of human health by ensuring the purity of water and the control of vermin.
b. It is the protection of the health of wilderness areas, rivers and oceans.
c. It involves creating and maintaining environments that promote good public health.
d. None of the above.



Answer: C

Which of the following statements is not true about chronic diseases?

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Which of the following statements is not true about chronic diseases?



a. They often involve multiple risk factors.
b. It is predicted that, by the year 2020, they will be the leading cause of disability worldwide.
c. They require prevention across the continuum, early detection and treatment, integrated and coordinated care, and self-management.
d. They remain the leading cause of death and disability in low-income countries.



Answer: D

What are the two main purposes of completing an evaluation?

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What are the two main purposes of completing an evaluation?



a. Ensuring accountability to stakeholders and making judgments about the program.
b. Ensuring accountability to stakeholders and making sure that you can justify your conclusions.
c. Ensure that you have spent all of the allocated funds and making judgments about the program.
d. Ensuring that you have correctly described the program or project to the participants and justifying your conclusions.



Answer: A

Fill in the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words and phrases:

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Fill in the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words and phrases:

'A program logic model is a diagrammatic representation of the __________ the elements of a program, including its __________; its impact and outcomes; and its evaluation plan.'


a. stakeholders of; placement.
b. aims and objectives of; evidence.
c. granting body's relevance to; settings.
d. logical connections among; goals, objectives and activities


Answer: D

What are the four types of needs that are commonly identified in public health?

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What are the four types of needs that are commonly identified in public health?



a. Normative needs, relational needs, expressed needs and observational needs.
b. Normative needs, comparative needs, expressed needs and felt needs.
c. Conventional needs, relational needs, articulated needs and felt needs.
d. Conventional needs, comparative needs, expressed needs and observational needs.



Answer: B

Which of the following models is not one of the three models that, according to Lenihan (2005), have typified planning in public health practice?

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Which of the following models is not one of the three models that, according to Lenihan (2005), have typified planning in public health practice?



a. Problem/program planning and community assessment.
b. Advocacy planning.
c. Strategic planning.
d. Systems perspective planning.




Answer: D

Which of the following is not a barrier to the use of evidence-based practice (EBP)?

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Which of the following is not a barrier to the use of evidence-based practice (EBP)?





a. Reasons related to the evidence base, such as gaps in the evidence base or a poor quality of evidence.
b. Personal reasons related to the individual practitioner, such as a lack of skills to undertake EBP or a lack of time.
c. Evidence that demonstrates that qualified allied health workers make the best decisions about how not to practice.
d. Reasons related to the organisation, such as inappropriate or inadequate support for EBP or the perceived threat of EBP.
e. A lack of understanding of the process, economic constraints, or inadequate access to evidence.


Answer: C

An abundance of information underlies the justification for evidence-based practice. Practitioners have access to a lot of information, so it is important for them to know how to do which of the following?

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An abundance of information underlies the justification for evidence-based practice. Practitioners have access to a lot of information, so it is important for them to know how to do which of the following?



a. How to interpret information and critically analyse it.
b. How to use all of the information obtained from the internet.
c. How to use newspaper articles.
d. How to read journal articles.
e. How to memorise information from lectures.



Answer: A

Handwashing in hospitals is still not undertaken by all healthcare staff. A number of initiatives have been introduced to increase handwashing rates, including raising the awareness of the need for handwashing. Michie and colleagues (2005) suggest that handwashing is not performed in hospitals for which of the following reasons?

November 13, 2017 Add Comment

Handwashing in hospitals is still not undertaken by all healthcare staff. A number of initiatives have been introduced to increase handwashing rates, including raising the awareness of the need for handwashing. Michie and colleagues (2005) suggest that handwashing is not performed in hospitals for which of the following reasons?



a. Organisational reasons (e.g., time, facilities).
b. Motivational factors (personal reasons that individuals do not wash their hands).
c. Action initiation (it is seen as important, but practice is not consistent).
d. All of the above.
e. Only a and b.




Answer: D

The development of evidence-based guidelines for practice began with the development of evidence-based medicine. Who was it that criticised the medical profession for not providing reviews of clinical medicine?

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The development of evidence-based guidelines for practice began with the development of evidence-based medicine. Who was it that criticised the medical profession for not providing reviews of clinical medicine?



a. A surgeon, Dr John Snow.
b. A nurse, Florence Nightingale.
c. A teacher, John Dewey.
d. A public health practitioner, Dr Edwin Chadwick.
e. An epidemiologist, Dr Archie Cochrane.




Answer: E

What is a code of ethics?

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What is a code of ethics?



a. A collection of issues that practitioners make decisions about with regard to practice.
b. A collection of standards for practitioners and organisations.
c. A collection of evidence-based activities that do not guide practice.
d. A collection of random ideas and self-directed practices that influences activity.
e. A collection of ideas that guide practice and that influence what practitioners do.





Answer: B

Gostin (2003) suggested a framework for analysing public health interventions. Which of the following best describes this framework?

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Gostin (2003) suggested a framework for analysing public health interventions. Which of the following best describes this framework?



a. Assess the nature, probability and severity of the risk.
b. Assess whether the proposed action will be effective for the meeting of objectives.
c. Assess the economic costs and the burden on human rights.
d. Assess the just allocation of benefits and burdens.
e. All of the above.



Answer: E

The Genographic Project commenced in 2005. This five-year study of genetic anthropology aimed to collect 100,000 blood samples from indigenous people to investigate human migration in the region. Such research has the potential to contribute benefits to health, including an understanding of the genetic foundations of susceptibility to particular diseases. Why do you think indigenous groups might oppose a project like this?

November 13, 2017 Add Comment

The Genographic Project commenced in 2005. This five-year study of genetic anthropology aimed to collect 100,000 blood samples from indigenous people to investigate human migration in the region. Such research has the potential to contribute benefits to health, including an understanding of the genetic foundations of susceptibility to particular diseases. Why do you think indigenous groups might oppose a project like this?



a. The study was too well constructed and too easy to complete.
b. The study had too small a sample to draw conclusions about the population.
c. The study had too large a sample and would be too difficult to analyse.
d. The study did not account for privacy, autonomy or ownership.
e. The study took account of the personal preferences of non-indigenous people.




Answer: D

What does the term medical ethics generally refer to?

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What does the term medical ethics generally refer to? 



a. A medical or healthcare provider's ethical responsibility toward a patient or client.
b. A medical or healthcare provider's ethical responsibility toward the population at large.
c. A medical or healthcare provider's ethical responsibility toward subpopulations.
d. A medical or healthcare provider's ethical responsibility toward nobody in particular.
e. A medical or healthcare provider's ethical responsibility toward people with diabetes.



Answer: A

As a health-promotion worker who is practising in a community with high rates of diabetes, you decide that the best intervention is to provide information about the role of diet and exercise in controlling diabetes, and you establish an exercise group. The results of the intervention are disappointing, because the community is not enthusiastic about the project. What did you fail to consider?

November 13, 2017 Add Comment

As a health-promotion worker who is practising in a community with high rates of diabetes, you decide that the best intervention is to provide information about the role of diet and exercise in controlling diabetes, and you establish an exercise group. The results of the intervention are disappointing, because the community is not enthusiastic about the project. What did you fail to consider?



a. That exercise plays no role in diabetes.
b. That diet is not important.
c. That the community was not consulted.
d. That diabetes rates are not really that high.
e. That most people have pre-diabetes anyway.


Answer: C

Which of the following is one of the crucial challenges of public health ethics?

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Which of the following is one of the crucial challenges of public health ethics?



a. Ensuring that there is consensus among government departments, the general public, and non-governmental organisations with regard to health policies and programs.
b. Balancing the rights of the individual with the wellbeing of the population as a whole.
c. Ensuring that you can persuade stakeholders that your values are the best values.
d. Restricting the rights of an individual to ensure the wellbeing of a whole population.
e. None of the above.




Answer: B

Fill the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words or phrases: 'There is evidence to suggest that people's health is produced and sustained by __________ circumstances that they experience __________ throughout their life.'

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Fill the gaps in the statement below with the most appropriate words or phrases: 'There is evidence to suggest that people's health is produced and sustained by __________ circumstances that they experience __________ throughout their life.'



a. economic and emotional; equally.
b. social and economic; differentially.
c. geography and material; similarly.
d. work opportunity and gender; equally.



Answer: B

What are the implications of social and economic disadvantages on the emotional health of children?

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What are the implications of social and economic disadvantages on the emotional health of children?




a. Children from low-income families are more likely to manifest cognitive development problems (Najman et al, 2004).
b. Socioeconomic disadvantages during the early years have the potential to have deleterious effects on adult health.
c. There should be an emphasis on public health and health-promotion programs during the early years of life.
d. All of the above.



Answer: D

Social capital is defined as which of the following?

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Social capital is defined as which of the following?



a. People's trust and sense of belonging to networks and communities, which can strengthen social cohesion within communities.
b. The amount of investment by industries to ensure that workers have healthy lifestyles.
c. A community-development approach to strengthen people's ability to access services.
d. The reduction of social isolation in communities.


Answer: A

Turrell's model of upstream, midstream and downstream, which is presented in the figure, is a mechanism for which of the following?

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Turrell's model of upstream, midstream and downstream, which is presented in the figure, is a mechanism for which of the following?



a. Determining the range of factors that may contribute to ill health.
b. Listing biological and physiological contributors to disease and death.
c. Showing us how big the problem is, particularly from a policy perspective.
d. Suggesting that employment and education impact on health and illness.
e. None of the above.




Answer: A

The scope of what constitutes an environmental determinant is generally restricted to external physical, chemical and microbiological exposures and processes that affect individuals and the community at large, and that are beyond their immediate control. Which of the following are not considered environmental determinants?

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The scope of what constitutes an environmental determinant is generally restricted to external physical, chemical and microbiological exposures and processes that affect individuals and the community at large, and that are beyond their immediate control. Which of the following are not considered environmental determinants?



a. Seasonal, latitudinal or altitudinal differences in exposure to solar radiation.
b. Cigarette smoking.
c. The microbiological quality of drinking water and food.
d. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (i.e., passive smoking).




Answer: B

The National Mental Health Strategy (NMHS) is a commitment by the Australian federal, state and territory governments to improve the lives of people with mental illnesses. Which of the following aims are not part of this strategy?

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The National Mental Health Strategy (NMHS) is a commitment by the Australian federal, state and territory governments to improve the lives of people with mental illnesses. Which of the following aims are not part of this strategy?




a. Promoting the mental health of the Australian community.
b. Where possible, preventing the development of mental disorders.
c. Recognising that the risks of developing mental health problems and mental illnesses are the same for everyone.
d. Reducing the impact of mental disorders on individuals, families and the community.



Answer: C

Which of the following statements is correct?

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Which of the following statements is correct?



a. Midstream factors include treatment systems, disease management, and investment in clinical research.
b. Downstream factors include lifestyle, behavioural, and individual prevention programs.
c. Upstream factors involve government policies and investment in population health research.
d. Both a and b.



Answer: C

Genetic determinants are important factors that affect individual health, and they will continue to be important for which of the following reasons?

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Genetic determinants are important factors that affect individual health, and they will continue to be important for which of the following reasons?



a. Nearly every disease has a genetic element in its natural history.
b. Very few diseases have genetic elements in their natural history.
c. Nearly every disease has a chromosomal abnormality as part of its natural history.
d. Nearly every disease has constitutive or acquired genetic components.
e. Nearly every disease has a chromosomal component that causes lots of diseases.


Answer: D

According to Cullen (2013), when fully implemented in 2019-20 the National Disability Insurance Scheme will provide assistance to how many Australians and at what cost?

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According to Cullen (2013), when fully implemented in 2019-20 the National Disability Insurance Scheme will provide assistance to how many Australians and at what cost?



a. 22,000 Australians at around $10 million per year.
b. 460,000 Australians at a cost of $22 billion per year.
c. 150,000 Australians at a cost of $70 million per year.
d. 820,000 Australians at a cost of $40 billion per year.
e. 1 million Australians at a cost of $60 billion per year.



Answer: B

In comparative terms, Australia is often defined as having a 'liberal welfare state', which means:

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In comparative terms, Australia is often defined as having a 'liberal welfare state', which means:



a. Australians tend to vote for liberal governments.
b. Successive Australian governments have favoured a market-based provision in meeting social needs, like health, housing and education.
c. Welfare is for everyone who wants it.
d. Australia spends more than other countries on health, education and welfare.
e. All of the above.




Answer: B

Common to all definitions of neo-liberalism variants is what basic belief?

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Common to all definitions of neo-liberalism variants is what basic belief?



a. Market mechanisms of exchange are morally and economically superior to government provision.
b. Without government intervention, markets create unacceptable levels of inequality.
c. Government-provided universal health coverage is good for the nation.
d. Government spending helps create jobs.
e. None of the above.



Answer: A

William Beveridge proclaimed that the aim of government investment in welfare after the end of World War 2 was to attack the five 'giant evils' in society, which he defined as:

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William Beveridge proclaimed that the aim of government investment in welfare after the end of World War 2 was to attack the five 'giant evils' in society, which he defined as:



a. corruption, lawlessness, immorality, waste and idleness.
b. Squalor, want, ignorance, idleness and disease.
c. Ignorance, idleness, homelessness, poverty and despair.
d. Illness, ignorance, temptation, inequality and loneliness.
e. Squalor, disease, waste, unemployment and poverty.



Answer: B

What is the technical term used by epidemiologists to describe the situation that occurs when a third factor influences the relationship between an exposure and a disease?

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What is the technical term used by epidemiologists to describe the situation that occurs when a third factor influences the relationship between an exposure and a disease?



a. Selection bias.
b. Random error.
c. Information bias.
d. Relative risk.
e. Confounding.



Answer: E

Cumulative incidence refers to which of the following?

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Cumulative incidence refers to which of the following?



a. A subsection of the population that was determined to be at risk at the beginning of a study period has been followed for the entirety of the specified time period.
b. The female members of the population who were determined to be at risk at the beginning of a study period have been followed for the entirety of the specified time period.
c. The male members of the population who were determined to be at risk at the beginning of a study period have been followed for the entirety of the specified time period.
d. The entire population that was determined to be at risk at the beginning of a study period has been followed for the entirety of the specified time period.
e. None of the above.



Answer: D

What are the definitions, respectively, of the following three terms: mortality, morbidity and disability?

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What are the definitions, respectively, of the following three terms: mortality, morbidity and disability?



a. Death; sickness or disease; and a significant loss of function that impairs daily life.
b. Illness; sickness or disease; and a significant loss of function that impairs daily life.
c. Death; illness; and a significant loss of function that impairs daily life.
d. Death, sickness or disease; and a significant loss of sight that impairs daily life.



Answer: A

Fill in the definition below with the most appropriate words and phrases: 'Epidemiology is the study of the __________ and __________ of __________ or events in specified populations and the application of this study to __________.'

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Fill in the definition below with the most appropriate words and phrases: 'Epidemiology is the study of the __________ and __________ of __________ or events in specified populations and the application of this study to __________.'



a. distribution; determinants; illness-related states; control disease and health-related conditions.
b. distribution; determinants; health-related states; control of health problems.
c. dimensions; distribution; illness-related states; control disease and health-related conditions.
d. distribution; dimensions; illness-related states; control disease and health-related conditions.




Answer: B

For what reasons do we monitor health and disease?

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For what reasons do we monitor health and disease?



a. To determine priorities for public health programs (e.g., burden of disease).
b. To understand change over time in causes of death and disease (e.g., pandemic influenza, motor vehicle accidents, suicide).
c. To measure the positive or negative effects of community health programs and services (e.g., community health promotion, expansion of paramedic services).
d. To improve the quality of the science underlying clinical medicine, nutrition, emergency healthcare, nursing, and allied healthcare.
e. All of the above.



Answer: E

The success of Australia's National HIV/AIDS Strategy and subsequent policy development was attributed to which of the following unique approaches?

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The success of Australia's National HIV/AIDS Strategy and subsequent policy development was attributed to which of the following unique approaches?



a. The inclusion of those most affected by the virus in the development of the strategy.
b. The controversial 'Grim Reaper' television campaign.
c. A reliance on overseas strategies.
d. A reliance on drugs administered in health services to treat those with HIV/AIDS.



Answer: A

The National Health and Hospitals Network, as part of the federal government's agenda, aims to do which of the following?

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The National Health and Hospitals Network, as part of the federal government's agenda, aims to do which of the following?



a. Inject more money into the states to improve efficiencies in public hospitals.
b. Alter the funding arrangements of public hospitals so that the Commonwealth government became the majority (60%) funder of public hospitals.
c. Implement the National Primary Health Care Strategy.
d. All of the above.



Answer: B

Various types of public policies affect the ways that communities live, their quality of life, and their access to services. Medicare is an example of which type of policy?

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Various types of public policies affect the ways that communities live, their quality of life, and their access to services. Medicare is an example of which type of policy?




a. A regulatory policy.
b. A distributive policy.
c. A redistributive policy.
d. A self-regulatory policy as well as a distributive policy.



Answer: C

Which of the following have been important influences on the development of public health in Australia?

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Which of the following have been important influences on the development of public health in Australia?





a. The government's promotion of national efficiency and national development.
b. The bureaucratic ascendancy of Australian society.
c. The existence of a well-organised and politically sophisticated medical profession.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.



Answer: D

This model of public health is based on the discipline of epidemiology as well as the biomedical and behavioural sciences; it analyses causes of disease in terms of factors found in the individual as well as in the social and physical environments. What is it known as?

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This model of public health is based on the discipline of epidemiology as well as the biomedical and behavioural sciences; it analyses causes of disease in terms of factors found in the individual as well as in the social and physical environments. What is it known as?



a. New public health.
b. Ecological public health.
c. Old public health.
d. Environmental public health.



Answer: C

During the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century, the greatest triumphs of public health occurred in relation to what?

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During the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century, the greatest triumphs of public health occurred in relation to what?



a. The physical environment and occupational hazards (e.g., water, sewage, food, working conditions, housing).
b. DNA sequencing.
c. The discovery that illness was a sign of dirty air or, as it was known at the time, miasma.
d. Equitable access to health promotion, treatment and prevention services.



Answer: A

Fill in the definition of public health below with the most appropriate words and phrases: '... the efforts organised by society to __________ the people's health. It is the combination of sciences, skills and beliefs that is directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the people through __________ actions' (Last, 2001).

November 13, 2017 Add Comment

Fill in the definition of public health below with the most appropriate words and phrases: '... the efforts organised by society to __________ the people's health. It is the combination of sciences, skills and beliefs that is directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all the people through __________ actions' (Last, 2001). 



a. Diagnose, heal and restore; economic and political.
b. Protect, promote and restore; economic and political.
c. Diagnose, heal and restore; personal or individual.
d. Protect, promote and restore; collective or social.



Answer: D

The role of the public health practitioner is said to include which of the following three important elements per van der Maesen and Nijhuis (2000)?

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The role of the public health practitioner is said to include which of the following three important elements per van der Maesen and Nijhuis (2000)?




a. Improving social conditions that stimulate health, preventing social conditions that threaten health, and neutralising existing social conditions that cause ill health.
b. Improving economic conditions that stimulate health, preventing social conditions that threaten health, and neutralising existing social conditions that cause ill health.
c. Improving economic and social conditions that stimulate health, promoting social conditions that threaten health, and neutralising existing social conditions that cause ill health.
d. Improving social conditions that stimulate health, preventing social conditions that threaten health, and advancing existing social conditions that cause ill health.
e. None of the above.



Answer: A

Lawson and Bauman (2001) describe the traditional values of public health as doing which of the following?

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Lawson and Bauman (2001) describe the traditional values of public health as doing which of the following?



a. Using behavioural evidence as a basis for action; focusing on the health of all sections of the population; and emphasising a collective action dimension.
b. Using scientific evidence as a basis for action; focusing on the health of all sections of the population; and emphasising an individual action dimension.
c. Using medical evidence as a basis for action; focusing on the health of all sections of the population; and emphasising a collective action dimension.
d. Using scientific evidence as a basis for action; focusing on the health of all sections of the population; and emphasising a collective action dimension.



Answer: D

Winslow (1920), who is sometimes described as the father of public health in the United States, defined public health as which of the following?

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Winslow (1920), who is sometimes described as the father of public health in the United States, defined public health as which of the following?



a. A science and focused on education.
b. An art and focused on sanitation.
c. Both a science and an art.
d. Both a science and very practical.
e. None of the above.



Answer: C

As a requirement of zealous advocacy and client confidentiality, a lawyer is duty bound to do anything for her client, including putting on perjured testimony, and has no duty to inform the court of such testimony; and as a matter of law cannot inform the court of such testimony.

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As a requirement of zealous advocacy and client confidentiality, a lawyer is duty bound to do anything for her client, including putting on perjured testimony, and has no duty to inform the court of such testimony; and as a matter of law cannot inform the court of such testimony. 



a. True
b. False




Answer: B

A prosecutor shall do all of the following except

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A prosecutor shall do all of the following except



a. take steps to assure that the defendant has been advised of their rights
b. refrain from filing charges not supported by probable cause
c. not seek waiver of important rights from unrepresented clients
d. refrain from seeking harsh sentences on minor crimes




Answer: D

Which of the following describe some of the most common ethical issues for attorneys, paralegals, and support staff alike?

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Which of the following describe some of the most common ethical issues for attorneys, paralegals, and support staff alike?




a. Confidentiality, competence, conflict of interest
b. Accounting, confidence, zealous representation
c. Confidentiality, conflict of interest among staff, competence
d. Competence, confidentiality between staff members, accounting




Answer: A
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